African countries have enormous potential for agricultural production and natural resource exploitation (both renewable and non-renewable). Despite this, there are still few examples of African economies that have taken full advantage of these comparative advantages. With its growing population, the adoption of new technologies and strategic management of the development of these sectors, some African countries are beginning to take advantage of the development of these sectors to initiate a structural transformation of their economies. This area aims to better understand how to build on the development of these resources without falling into the vicious circles of Dutch disease or the curse of rent-seeking that is detrimental to achieving efficient resource exploitation. This axis will therefore propose projects on responsible agricultural development (objective 12 of the SDGs), on the optimal management of renewable and non-renewable natural resources and on food and nutrition issues (objectives 2, 3 and 13 of the SDGs).